www.fmwg.org/sitefiles/fmwg - summary report_3.pdf

www.fmwg.org/sitefiles/fmwg - summary report_3.pdf









OVERVIEW
U.S. President Barack Obama announced in July 2009 that he would host a global nuclear security summit in April 2010 to “develop steps that can be taken together to secure vulnerable materials, combat nuclear smuggling and deter, detect, and disrupt attempts at nuclear terrorism.” In order to provide analysis, education, and policy recommendations that highlight the urgency of the nuclear security agenda, the Fissile Materials Working Group (FMWG) organized a summit of experts and a series of supporting events to engage a primarily nongovernmental, international expert audience.
This nongovernmental summit, Next Generation Nuclear Security: Meeting the Global Challenge, held on April 12, 2010, featured two keynote addresses, four expert panel discussions, and a networking reception. The summit created a forum for international experts to interact and collaborate on the nuclear security agenda, particularly by providing them with an opportunity to advance policy proposals that go beyond those endorsed at the governmental summit. Those interactions helped establish the foundation for a global network to press for the implementation of nuclear security improvements long after the summit concludes and the spotlight on these issues fades.
President Obama sent a letter in support of the Next Generation Nuclear Security summit. “As we work to secure all nuclear materials from theft and diversion, we will need your expertise,” Obama wrote. “Your insights will make a crucial difference in global efforts to educate others about the threat nuclear weapons pose and our response to that threat; in securing all nuclear materials through additional domestic and international measures; and in stopping cross-border trafficking in illicit materials and technology.”
There were participants from 38 countries, the European Union (EU) and Caribbean Community, and the United Nations and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in attendance. They represented dozens of U.S. and foreign nongovernmental organizations, embassies, foundations, national laboratories, governments, the nuclear industry, the U.S. Congress, and intergovernmental organizations. This gathering of 220 U.S. and international participants laid the groundwork for an integrated, global approach for providing support to governments and other stakeholders working to achieve the goal of securing
President Obama giving his official remarks after the Nuclear Security Summit
Participants gather at the Ronald Reagan International Trade Center for the Next Generation Nuclear Security event
Next


OVERVIEW
U.S. President Barack Obama announced in July 2009 that he would host a global nuclear security summit in April 2010 to “develop steps that can be taken together to secure vulnerable materials, combat nuclear smuggling and deter, detect, and disrupt attempts at nuclear terrorism.” In order to provide analysis, education, and policy recommendations that highlight the urgency of the nuclear security agenda, the Fissile Materials Working Group (FMWG) organized a summit of experts and a series of supporting events to engage a primarily nongovernmental, international expert audience.
This nongovernmental summit, Next Generation Nuclear Security: Meeting the Global Challenge, held on April 12, 2010, featured two keynote addresses, four expert panel discussions, and a networking reception. The summit created a forum for international experts to interact and collaborate on the nuclear security agenda, particularly by providing them with an opportunity to advance policy proposals that go beyond those endorsed at the governmental summit. Those interactions helped establish the foundation for a global network to press for the implementation of nuclear security improvements long after the summit concludes and the spotlight on these issues fades.
President Obama sent a letter in support of the Next Generation Nuclear Security summit. “As we work to secure all nuclear materials from theft and diversion, we will need your expertise,” Obama wrote. “Your insights will make a crucial difference in global efforts to educate others about the threat nuclear weapons pose and our response to that threat; in securing all nuclear materials through additional domestic and international measures; and in stopping cross-border trafficking in illicit materials and technology.”
There were participants from 38 countries, the European Union (EU) and Caribbean Community, and the United Nations and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in attendance. They represented dozens of U.S. and foreign nongovernmental organizations, embassies, foundations, national laboratories, governments, the nuclear industry, the U.S. Congress, and intergovernmental organizations. This gathering of 220 U.S. and international participants laid the groundwork for an integrated, global approach for providing support to governments and other stakeholders working to achieve the goal of securing
President Obama giving his official remarks after the Nuclear Security Summit
Participants gather at the Ronald Reagan International Trade Center for the Next Generation Nuclear Security event
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all vulnerable nuclear materials around the world in four years. Additionally, a strategy session the following morning provided a forum for the
FMWG and its international colleagues to discuss next steps for advancing the nuclear security agenda.
Two related events engaged domestic and international media on the importance of preventing nuclear terrorism and improving nuclear material security. A press conference held the week before the summit provided background on fissile material security issues for journalists. A second press conference held immediately after the official Nuclear Security Summit allowed the FMWG to provide immediate reactions to the communiqué, work plan, and national commitments. The FMWG was mentioned and/or quoted in the media more than 50 times in the 48 hours surrounding the official Nuclear Security Summit. There were nearly the same number of mentions/quotes in the media in the weeks leading up to the Summit, and outlets included top newspapers (e.g., New York Times, Washington Post, Bloomberg, Wall Street Journal, USA Today), TV (e.g., CNN, CSPAN, Al-Jazeera, ARD), and radio (e.g., BBC, NPR). Journalists representing 25 media organizations attended the nongovernmental summit as well.
The Next Generation Nuclear Security summit and related events also allowed the FMWG to reach out to the American public and policymakers. Prior to the April 12 event, members of the FMWG briefed Congressional staff on the FY11 budget and policy options to support the four year goal. U.S. Senators Jack Reed and Robert P. Casey, Jr. joined the concluding reception on April 12 to show their support for the goals of the Next Generation Nuclear Security summit, and U.S. Representative Adam Schiff sent a letter of support that was read at the reception. More than 500 people watched the Next Generation Nuclear Security summit via live webcast, with an average viewing time of over 2 hours.
EVENT SUMMARY
Morning Keynote: “The Nuclear Terrorism Threat” A review of the global threat of nuclear terrorism and why every state has a stake in its prevention.
Robert Gallucci, President of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, gave the morning keynote address on the threat of nuclear terrorism. Gallucci emphasized the real, imminent possibility that terrorists could acquire fissile material and detonate an improvised nuclear device. He stressed that any nation that has suffered a conventional terrorist attack is a potential target for a nuclear terrorist attack. The threat extends far beyond the United States and Western Europe.
Gallucci discussed potential strategies for preventing a nuclear terrorist attack. The first is a form of deterrence: making nuclear-capable states aware that there will be consequences if their fissile material is used in a terrorist attack. Unfortunately, nuclear forensic science is not currently at a stage of development where the source of fissile material can be reliably identified. Gallucci’s second strategy requires denying nuclear weapons-armed adversaries access to our territory. But here again, this strategy is not foolproof because national borders are permeable.
Robert Gallucci
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Therefore, Gallucci argues, we must deny terrorists access to the fissile materials needed for a bomb. Key steps to denying access include ending the production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and separated plutonium, securing all existing stockpiles to a “gold standard,” and eliminating existing stockpiles through downblending and other methods that make it irreversibly unusable in weapons.
Gallucci concluded with observations about the international community’s approach to these issues. The world should not limit its concerns about North Korea or Iran to their acquisition of nuclear weapons. Their potential to transfer fissile material to terrorists should be of equal concern. Sharing operational intelligence between governments is vital to thwarting terrorist plots. Finally, people and governments will be more inclined to act if they are persuaded that the threat is real.
“Regional Progress and Challenges to Securing Vulnerable Nuclear Materials in Four Years” A regional overview of the practical steps, technical tools, and political considerations impacting the objective of securing all vulnerable nuclear material.
This panel discussion, moderated by Kevin O’Shea of the Embassy of Canada to the United States, emphasized international cooperation in securing nuclear material. Irma Arguello, President of the Nonproliferation for Global Security Foundation in Argentina, discussed how important regional cooperation is in Latin America for nuclear security, which has a unique regional approach that includes leadership by the nuclear industry. Matthew Bunn, Associate Professor of Public Policy and Co-Principal Investigator for the Project on Managing the Atom at Harvard University, emphasized that if security is not improving, it is declining. He outlined specific steps for the United States, Canada, Mexico, and EU states to secure their fissile materials. Secretary General of the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association Li Hong focused on developing a security culture that includes nongovernmental organizations, industry, and government working together in East Asia, especially as countries expand their nuclear power industries. Finally, Gennady Pshakin, Head of the Analytical Center for Nonproliferation at the Institute for Physics and Power Engineering in Russia, discussed how much has been done to secure vulnerable fissile materials in Russia and the former Soviet Union, but also indicated how much more still needs to be done to ensure the sustainability of technology, training, and equipment currently in place.
“Rethinking Multilateral Approaches to Fissile Material Security” A discussion of how existing tools should be expanded and new initiatives developed to strengthen the global fissile material security structure and enhance international cooperation.
Kicking off the panel, Marcos Castrioto de Azambuja, Vice President of Centro Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais in Brazil, remarked that there is great momentum in 2010 to break the Cold War paralysis on nuclear weapons issues, but success will require substantial political will. The Executive Director of the World Institute for Nuclear Security in Austria, Roger Howsley, outlined how his organization is working with the nuclear energy industry to create an international forum to share best practices and improve nuclear security. Anita Nilsson, Director of the Office of Nuclear Security at the IAEA, emphasized how small steps could be taken to improve the big picture,









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especially through the IAEA. Emeritus Professor of Physics from the Jawaharlal Nehru University in India
R. Rajaraman focused on the work of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, which serves as one model for international cooperation on complex fissile material issues. This panel discussion, moderated by FMWG Steering Committee Member and Associate at Booz Allen Hamilton Elizabeth Turpen, also delved into how international organizations, particularly the IAEA, need to adapt to a changing world.
Keynote Lunch: “The Necessity and Benefits of Improved Fissile Material Security” A review of the broader transparency, nonproliferation, and accountability benefits to be gained from improved fissile material security.
In his lunchtime keynote address, Gareth Evans, Co-Chair of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, emphasized that nuclear material security is the foundational element of the three pillars – nonproliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear technology – that guide today’s nuclear regime. Evans cited seven benchmark events or issues in 2010 that make it a watershed year: Nuclear Security Summit, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty ratification, Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty negotiations, new Strategy Arms Reduction Treaty ratification, new U.S. Nuclear Posture Review, and Iranian nuclear program negotiations.
Evans previewed elements likely to be included in the official Nuclear Security Summit’s final documents, such as a consensus statement on the global threat of nuclear terrorism. He also discussed follow-up issues and activities that will be necessary for ensuring that substantive security improvements result from the official summit, including nuclear security engagement with countries that were not participants.
Further, Evans pointed to three areas that nuclear security experts and advocates should focus their attention on in the coming years. First, pressuring governments to be mindful of the risks associated with the widespread use of plutonium in mixed-oxides (MOX) fuel as well as the need to enact robust security at all locations where plutonium is stored, even small laboratories. Second, Evans suggested supporting the development of “proliferation resistant” technologies at the Generation IV International Forum. Finally, because nuclear security is too important to be left to national governments unaided, steps should be taken to help them overcome their reluctance to allowing outside scrutiny of their nuclear security mechanisms and encourage the sharing of best practices to ensure that the highest standards of security are achieved.
(L to R) Marcos Castrioto de Azambuja, Roger Howsley, Anita Nilsson, and R. Rajaraman
Gareth Evans
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“Rationale and Challenges of Eliminating the Civil Use of HEU” An examination of the security benefits of phasing out HEU from the civil sector and challenges that must be overcome to make its elimination viable.
This panel, moderated by Mark Fitzpatrick of the International Institute for Strategic Studies focused on the elimination of highly-enriched uranium, and began with remarks from Ole Reistad, Research Scientist at the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority. He suggested that the IAEA should have a mandate to minimize the use of HEU and support minimization with alternative technologies. CEO of the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) Rob Adam presented a commercially-sustainable example of NECSA’s experience converting from HEU to LEU for medical isotope production. The process requires good management, strategy, and cooperation between technical and political personnel, according to Adam. Thomas Cochran, Senior Scientist in the Nuclear Program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, identified HEU as the easiest material to use in a terrorist nuclear weapon due to it being more plentiful, less secure, harder to detect, more dispersed than plutonium, and easier to fabricate into a crude nuclear explosive device.
“Defining a “Next Generation Nuclear Security Initiative: Where Do We Go from Here?” An exploration of the new mindsets, partnerships, and tools needed to advance nuclear security in a globalized world.
The final panel of the day, moderated by Nonresident Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Ariel Levite, focused on the need for a new fissile material security framework. O’Neil Hamilton, the CARICOM Coordinator for UNSCR 1540, called for political leaders to articulate the dangers posed by vulnerable fissile material in public discourse and make creating strategies for addressing the threat a higher priority. He also outlined international cooperative efforts with trade control, licensing, and technical assistance. French international nuclear affairs and nonproliferation consultant Caroline Jorant outlined a framework that places a strong emphasis on international cooperation and public-private partnerships, with the political and technological culture shift necessary to create a next generation regime. FMWG Co-Chair and President of the Partnership for Global Security Kenneth Luongo summarized the components needed for a comprehensive, flexible, legitimate, and globally-focused next generation nuclear material security package.
ABOUT THE FISSILE MATERIALS WORKING GROUP
Within weeks of President Obama’s April 2009 speech in Prague outlining his nuclear security objectives, approximately 20 top U.S. nuclear policy experts and nongovernmental organizations banded together to ensure that the President’s policy priority of preventing nuclear terrorism is met.
(L to R) Mark Fitzpatrick, Rob Adam, Thomas Cochran, and Ole Reistad
(L to R) Ariel Levite, O’Neil Hamilton, Caroline Jorant, and Co-Chair of FMWG Kenneth Luongo
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Coalescing into a formal Fissile Materials Working Group (FMWG) and growing in size to over 40 experts and organizational representatives, the coalition focused on the President’s key objective of securing all vulnerable nuclear materials worldwide in four years. In September 2009, the group produced a set of five consensus policy recommendations on nuclear material security and sent them by letter to President Obama. These recommendations were also shared with high-level Administration officials at an off-the-record meeting where they were well received.
A second objective of the FMWG was to host a nongovernmental summit, Next Generation Nuclear Security: Meeting the Global Challenge, on April 12, 2010. This was an opportunity to bolster international NGOs and build a global network in support for nuclear security improvements. In an April 8, 2010, letter to the FMWG, President Obama praised the Next Generation Nuclear Security summit participants’ “critical support” in educating the public and providing expertise in the effort to secure vulnerable fissile materials.
On April 13, 2010, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace hosted a breakfast strategy session for the FMWG and their international NGO colleagues to discuss next steps. Though the FMWG has yet to finalize its future plans, several possible next steps include:
• Continued outreach to the U.S. Congress. The FY 2011 budget request includes an additional $320 million to support the four year effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear materials around the world. The FMWG wants to see this funding approved by Congress. Additionally, continued education of Congressional members and staff on nuclear security issues is crucial as we work to achieve the four year goal.
• Continued outreach to and coordination with the U.S. Administration. As the Sherpas and Sous-Sherpas meet to discuss implementation of the Nuclear Security Summit communiqué and action plan and prepare for the 2012 summit in the Republic of Korea, the FMWG will seek to track progress on country commitments and make outside nuclear experts available for consultation, as appropriate.
• Create and sustain an international NGO network. The FMWG will continue its activities to develop a group of active individuals and organizations that are committed to securing all vulnerable materials in four years.
• Bolstering and continuing the coalition. The FMWG will continue to meet on a monthly basis and work to develop concrete benchmarks for the official action plan and develop proposals for the 2012 summit.
• Plan and hold a series of regional and other follow-up meetings. The FMWG will seek to partner with NGOs, as well as governments and the nuclear industry, for these regional meetings.
Participants in a strategy session meet at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
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• Seek to offer opportunities for collaboration amongst and between the international NGOs and the FMWG (e.g., developing a “gold standard” for nuclear safety, developing curricula for professionals and students).
The FMWG is co-chaired by Kenneth Luongo, President of the Partnership for Global Security, and Alexandra Toma, Program Director at the Connect U.S. Fund. They are supported by two staff members – Michelle Marchesano (Partnership for Global Security) and Joanna Hecht (Connect U.S. Fund) – as well as a dedicated and hard-working Steering Committee composed of leaders in this area. The Steering Committee includes the following people: Matthew Bunn, Harvard University; Jennifer Smyser, The Stanley Foundation; Elizabeth Turpen, Booz Allen Hamilton; Paul Walker, Global Green USA; and Jim Walsh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Media support is provided by Sean Harder (Stanley Foundation), Nathan Britton (ReThink Media), and Kelsey Hartigan (National Security Network).
FMWG Co-Chair Alexandra Toma
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PARTICIPANT LIST
April 12, 2010
Ronald Reagan International Trade Center
Washington, DC
Nobuyasu Abe, Japan Institute of International Affairs, Japan
Dauren Aben, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Kazakhstan
Henry James Abeyta, Sandia National Laboratories
Rob Adam, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, South Africa
Michael Adler, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Mohammad Kamran Akhtar, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan
Lina Alexandra, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Indonesia
Gustavo Alonso, International Nuclear Societies Council, Mexico
Rodrigo Alfonso Alvarez Valdes, Facultad Latino Americana de Ciencias Sociales, Chile
Irma Arguello, Nonproliferation for Global Security Foundation, Argentina
Michael Ashby, Arms Control Association
Marcos Catrioto de Azambuja, Brazilian Center for International Relations, Brazil
Ana E. Azpurua, The Associated Press
Deborah Bain, Ploughshares Fund
Pauline H. Baker, The Fund for Peace
Amy Bakke, The Stanley Foundation
Next Generation Nuclear Security Summit 9
Muhammad Khalid Banuri, Strategic Plans Division, Pakistan
Rajesh Manohar Basrur, Nanyan Technological University, Singapore
Bryan Bender, Boston Globe
Kennette M. Benedict, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Grigory Berdennikov, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia
Alexey Berezin, Kazakhstan Mass Media
Max Bergmann, Center for American Progress







Next Generation Nuclear Security Summit 9
Muhammad Khalid Banuri, Strategic Plans Division, Pakistan
Rajesh Manohar Basrur, Nanyan Technological University, Singapore
Bryan Bender, Boston Globe
Kennette M. Benedict, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
Grigory Berdennikov, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia
Alexey Berezin, Kazakhstan Mass Media
Max Bergmann, Center for American Progress
Paul Bernstein, Science Applications International Corporation
Christopher A. Bidwell, Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Samuel Black, The Henry L. Stimson Center
Naila Bolus, Ploughshares Fund
Danielle Brian, Project on Government Oversight
Annette Brieger, ARD German TV
Nathan Britton, ReThink Media
Omer F. Brown II, Omer F. Brown II Law Office
Alexander Bulychev, Rosatom, Russia
Matthew Bunn, Harvard University
Robert Burns, The Associated Press
Louis Charbonneau, Reuters
Volha Charnysh, Arms Control Association
Chen Weihua, China Daily
Deepti Choubey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Ramiro Cibrian, European Commission, Belgium
Joseph Cirincione, Ploughshares Fund
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Thomas B. Cochran, Natural Resources Defense Council
Tom Collina, Arms Control Association

Robin Copeland, US Civilian Research and Development Foundation ******


Tarja Anneli Cronberg, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Finland
David Culp, Friends Committee on National Legislation
Les DeWitt, The Fund for Peace Initiatives
Ingrid N. Drake, Project on Government Oversight
Charles Ebinger, The Brookings Institution
M. Michael Einik, International Science and Technology Center, Russia
Camille Eiss, Truman National Security Project
Will Elsby, Global Green USA
Gareth Evans, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Patricia Falcone, Office of Science and Technology Policy
Trevor Findlay, Carleton University, Canada
Mark Fitzpatrick, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, United Kingdom
Christopher A. Ford, Hudson Institute
Robert E. Frye, Whistling Communications
Robert L. Gallucci, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Robert Gibbins Gard, Jr., Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
Vicente Garrido Rebolledo, Internatinal Affairs and Foreign Policy Institute, Spain
Jeffrey Gelman, National Security Council
John Gerrard, National Nuclear Security Administration
Viola Gienger, Bloomberg News
Adam Glenn, Partnership for Global Security
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Stephen M. Goldberg, Argonne National Laboratory
Amy E. Gordon, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Susan Gordon, Alliance for Nuclear Accountability
Sebastian Grafe, Heinrich Boll Stiftung North America
Thomas W. Graham, Jr., Lightbridge Corporation
Rita S. Guenther, National Academy of Sciences
Howard L. Hall, The University of Tennessee
Morton Halperin, Open Society Institute
Sangwook Ham, Embassy of the Republic of Korea
O'Neil Hamilton, Caribbean Community Secretariat, Barbados
Charles J. Hanley, The Associated Press
Sean Harder, The Stanley Foundation
Anne Harrington, The National Academies
David Hart, Physicians for Social Responsibility
Kelsey L. Hartigan, National Security Network
Cole Harvey, Monterey Institute Center for Nonproliferation Studies
Haleh Hatami, Ploughshares Fund
Joanna Hecht, The Connect U.S. Fund
Claude Heller, Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations
Alan John Heyes, King’s College London, United Kingdom
Lisa G. Hilliard, World Institute for Nuclear Security, Austria
Corey Hinderstein, Nuclear Threat Initiative
Melissa Hitchman, International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, Australia
William Hoehn, Natural Resources and Environment
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Pervez A. Hoodbhoy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Pakistan
Gordon Hoover, Think Media
Toni Hoover, Think Media
Daniel Horner, Arms Control Today
Roger Howsley, World Institute for Nuclear Security, Austria
Jeung-Soo Huh, SHAPE/FOCCEP, Republic of Korea
David Hutchison, Embassy of Canada
Nathalie Jaarsma, Royal Netherlands Embassy
Todd Jacobson, Nuclear Weapons and Materials Monitor, ExchangeMonitor Publications
Chantal Janneker, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, South Africa
Sunday A. Jonah, Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria
Caroline Jorant, Formerly with AREVA, France
Jungmin Kang, Johns Hopkins University
Alexandra Kapitanskaya, The Fund for Peace
Matthew T. Kapuscinski, Partnership for Global Security
Togzhan Kassenova, The University of Georgia
Kalyan M. Kemburi, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Paul Kerr, Congressional Research Service
Ayman Khalil, Arab Institute for Security Studies, Jordan
Julia Khersonsky, Center for International Trade and Security, University of Georgia
Khoo Chin Hean, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Igor Khripunov, University of Georgia
Mustafa Kibaroglu, Bilkent University, Turkey
Daryl Kimball, The Arms Control Association
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Paul King, NATO Review
Felicitas Klopp, ARD German TV
Nami Kodaka, NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation
Paul Koh, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Ruben Koops, BNR Nieuwsradio
Lawrence J. Korb, Center for American Progress
Kristjan Thor Kornmayer, Center for International Trade and Security
Leah Kuchinsky, U.S. Department of State
Bakur Kvashilva, Georgian Institute of Public Affairs, Republic Of Georgia
D. Burgess Laird, Institute for Defense Analysis
Michael Landweber, Partnership for a Secure America
Martin Larose, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Canada
Mapula Letsoalo, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, South Africa
Ariel E. Levite, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Israel
Li Hong, China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, China
Liu Xiaoming, China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, China
Cristy Loftis, Unipath Magazine
Kenneth Luongo, Partnerships for Global Security
Edwin Lyman, Union of Concerned Scientists
Carmen MacDougall, The Harbour Group
Michael Maddox, Peace Action
Erica Mandell, National Security Network
Michelle Marchesano, Partnership for Global Security
Maurizio Martellini, Landau Network-Centro Volta, Italy
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Paul Kawika Martin, Peace Action
Martin Matishak, Global Security Newswire
Nandini Merz, Colombe Foundation, Proteus Fund
Steve Mladineo, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, Harvard University
Michelle Munn, U.S. Government Accountability Office
Richard J. Myers, Nuclear Energy Institute





Nuclear Energy Institute
Rajiv Nayan, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, India
Nancy Jo Nicholas, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Mary Beth Nikitin, Congressional Research Service
Anita Nilsson, International Atomic Energy Agency
Bridget Nolan, Physicians for Social Responsibility
Noramly Bin Muslim, University of Kabangsaan, Malaysia
Schuyler Null, Global Green USA
Ivan Oelrich, Federation of American Scientists
Tanya Ogilvie-White, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Kevin O’Shea, Embassy of Canada
Patty Papke, The Stanley Foundation
Anne Frances Penketh, British American Security Information Council
Lauren Perry, Project on Government Oversight
Steven Pifer, The Brookings Institution
Joseph Pilat, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Dmitry Polikanov, The Russian Center for Policy Studies, Russia
Miles A. Pomper, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
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Christopher A. Preble, Cato Institute
Gennady Pshakin, Analytical Center for Nonproliferation, Russia
Raymund Jose G. Quilop, University of Philippines, Philippines
Ramamurti Rajaraman, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
Alex Reed, The Henry L. Stimson Center
Lasse Reiman, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland, Finland
Ole Reistad, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway
Edmund Rennolds, Citizens to Stop Nuclear Terrorism
Ben Rhode, International Institute for Strategic Studies, United Kingdom
Mauri Riihonen, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Finland
Carl Robichaud, Carnegie Corporation of New York
Thomas Warren Ross Jr., Office of Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, United States Senate
Benjamin Rusek, U.S. National Academy of Sciences
Naeem Ahmad Salik, National Defence University, Pakistan
Alexander Saltman, Office of Congressman Adam Schiff
Vlad Sambaiew, The Stanley Foundation
David Sanger, The New York Times
David Santoro, The University of British Columbia, Canada
Lawrence Satkowiak, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Ryo Sato, Monterey Institute of International Studies
Mohamed I. Shaker, Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs, Egypt
Douglas B. Shaw, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University
Kenneth Sheely, U.S. Department of Energy
Mary Beth Sheridan, The Washington Post
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Meena Singelee, International Institute for Strategic Studies, United Kingdom
Ashish Sinha, Physicians for Social Responsibility
Jennifer Smyser, The Stanley Foundation
Nancy Soderberg, The Connect U.S. Fund
Andy Solomon, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Leonard Spector, Monterey Institute of International Studies
Peter Sprunger, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Sharon Squassoni, Center for Strategic and International Studies
Parrish Staples, U.S. Department of Energy
Noel Stott, Institute for Security Studies
Jurg Streuli, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Switzerland
Petr Suchy, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Ta Minh Taun, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, Vietnam
Caitlin Aubrey Taber, Arms Control Association
Jun Takao, NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation
Benn Tannenbaum, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Veronica Tessler, The Stanley Foundation
Alexandra I. Toma, The Connect U.S. Fund
Leonor Tomero, Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation
Robert Tomkin, Congressional Quarterly
Elizabeth Turpen, Booz Allen Hamilton
Lars van Dassen, Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, Sweden
Sico van der Meer, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Netherlands
Anton van Reempts, NATO Review
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Corinna Voelcker, ARD German TV
Roland Von Gogh, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, South Africa
Marina Voronova-Abrams, Global Green USA
Paul F. Walker, Global Green USA
Sophie Walker, James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
James Joseph Walsh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Emily Warren, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
Greg Webb, International Atomic Energy Agency
Leonard Weiss, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Richard Weitz, Hudson Institute
Tyler Wigg-Stevenson, Two Futures Project
Peter Wilk, Physicians for Social Responsibility
Isabelle Williams, Nuclear Threat Initiative
Christine Wing, New York University
Randall Woods, Nuclear Group, Platts
Sungwon Yang, Radio Free Asia
Jean Pascal Zanders, European Union Institute for Security Studies, France
Timur Zhantikin, Ministry of Industry and New Technologies
Marina Zharkikh, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Russia